docs: pflog verified (matrix EN+PT-BR, porting notes, README status)

README.md

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ out-of-tree kernel module — the real PF engine (`pf.c`, `pf_norm.c`,
 real OpenBSD `pfctl` over the `/dev/pf` ioctl ABI. (A second module for the
 `pfq` qdisc arrives with M5.)
 
-**Status:** the filter core, stateful filtering, tables, anchors, NAT and
-`divert` are **verified in a real libvirt lab** (7/7 gates green).  The
-remaining features (route-to/dup-to, pflog, ALTQ/pfq, af-to) are still
-pending — honest per-feature status:
+**Status:** the filter core, stateful filtering, tables, anchors, NAT
+(`nat-to`/`rdr-to`), `divert` and `pflog` are **verified in a real libvirt
+lab** (9/9 gates green).  The remaining features (binat-to, route-to/dup-to,
+scrub e2e, ALTQ/pfq, af-to) are still pending — honest per-feature status:
 [`docs/en/feature-matrix.md`](docs/en/feature-matrix.md).
 Demo (asciinema): [`docs/en/demo.md`](docs/en/demo.md).
 Design: [`docs/superpowers/specs/2026-11-11-pf-linux-port-design.md`](docs/superpowers/specs/2026-11-11-pf-linux-port-design.md)
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ Design: [`docs/superpowers/specs/2026-11-11-pf-linux-port-design.md`](docs/super
 | M0 | repo, scripts, kernel build, VM boots the custom kernel | done |
 | M1 | compat layer, `pf.ko` loads, `/dev/pf`, `pfctl -f` / `-s info` | done |
 | M2 | filter core: rules/states/tables/anchors, VM gates 01–04 | **done** — gates 01/02/03/04 green |
-| M3 | NAT (`nat-to`), scrub e2e, pflog | **partial** — `nat-to` verified (gate 05); rdr/binat, scrub e2e and pflog pending |
-| M4 | route-to/dup-to/fail-to, divert e2e | **partial** — divert e2e verified (gate 11); route-to/dup-to pending |
+| M3 | NAT (`nat-to`/`rdr-to`/`binat-to`), scrub e2e | **partial** — `nat-to` (gate 05) and `rdr-to` incl. 2 MB integrity (gate 06) verified; `binat-to` and scrub e2e pending |
+| M4 | route-to/dup-to/fail-to, divert e2e, pflog | **partial** — divert e2e (gate 11) and pflog (gate 12) verified; route-to/dup-to pending |
 | M5 | queues: HFSC/FQ-CoDel back ends + `pfq` qdisc | pending |
 | M6 | docs complete, patchset tidy, full suite green, tagged release | in progress (docs done, suite 7/7 green) |
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Design: [`docs/superpowers/specs/2026-11-11-pf-linux-port-design.md`](docs/super
 | QoS (ALTQ successor) | `queue`/`queue on` with OpenBSD 8.0 `ifq` schedulers: **default (priq), HFSC, FQ-CoDel**, attached via the `pfq` qdisc; `pfctl -s queue -v` stats |
 | Divert | `divert-to` / `divert` tag + `pdivert` relay over an in-module `PF_DIVERT` socket family (verified: packet to userspace and back) |
 | Route | `route-to` (pools rr/hash-source/hash-state, `fail-to`), `reply-to`, `dup-to` |
-| Logging | `pflogd` via netlink pflog channel (DLT_PFLOG pcap) |
+| Logging | `pflogd` via `/dev/pflog` (DLT_PFLOG pcap, OpenBSD record layout) |
 | Control | `/dev/pf` (0600), OpenBSD 8.0 ioctl ABI, Linux build of `pfctl` (single binary) |
 
 Not in scope: `pfsync`/CARP failover, IPsec/pfkey, `ftp-proxy`, per-netns PF

docs/en/feature-matrix.md

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ As of 2026-11-11; source of per-row evidence: `out/test-logs/`,
 | Feature | Upstream syntax | Milestone | Status |
 |---|---|---|---|
 | `nat-to` (port pools, sticky-port, static-port) | `pass out … nat-to (eth1:0)` | M3 | **VERIFIED in lab** — source NAT works end to end: the packet leaves with the pool address (tcpdump proof), the reply is de-NATed and re-routed to the client, and the state shows both tuples (`10.0.2.1:59335 (10.0.1.10:4380) -> 10.0.2.20:8`). Gate: `tests/vm/05-nat.sh`. |
-| `rdr-to` | `rdr pass on wan proto tcp from any to any port 8080 -> srv port 80` | M3 | PENDING-M3 |
-| `binat-to` | `binat-to …` | M3 | PENDING-M3 |
+| `rdr-to` | `pass in … to <fw> port 8080 rdr-to <srv> port 80 keep state` | M3 | **VERIFIED in lab** — port redirect works end to end (gate `06-rdr.sh`): the client talks to the firewall's address, pf rewrites the destination, re-routes the packet, and the reply is un-redirected. The gate also pulls 2 MB through the redirect and checks byte-for-byte integrity (GSO/TSO regression guard). |
+| `binat-to` | `binat-to <net>` (no direction) | M3 | PENDING-M3 — parser accepts the 8.0 form (`binat-to` is a rule option, not a standalone rule); VM gate not written yet. |
 | Scrub/normalize: reassembly, `fragment drop-overlap`, `min-ttl`, `max-mss`, `df`/`no-df`, `random-id`, `set reassemble yes` | `match on all scrub (max-mss 1380 …)` | M3 | COMPILES-untested (`pf_norm.c` compiled into pf.ko and reached from `pf_test`; scapy gate 08 pending) |
 | OS fingerprinting in states | `pass … set os A` + `/etc/pf.os` | bonus | COMPILES-untested (`pf_osfp.c` compiled; no fingerprint packaging yet — missing `/etc/pf.os` is tolerated) |
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ As of 2026-11-11; source of per-row evidence: `out/test-logs/`,
 | HFSC | `queue on wan { hfsc … }` | M5 | COMPILES-untested — **priq fallback until M5**; `pfsrc/hfsc.c` staged (real OpenBSD 8.0 code) but **not in the module object list** |
 | FQ-CoDel | `queue on wan { fq_codel … }` | M5 | COMPILES-untested — same as HFSC: staged, not built |
 | `pfq` qdisc (`tc qdisc … root pfq`) | n/a (Linux glue) | M5 | PENDING-M5 (does not exist in the tree yet) |
-| pflog (`log`, `log all`, `block log`, `pfctl -s log`) + `pflogd` pcap (DLT_PFLOG) | `pass out quick log` | M4 | PENDING-M4 — `pflog_packet()` returns success **without logging** (one-time `pr_warn "packet not logged"`); `if_pflog.c` staged, not built; `pflogd` not ported yet |
+| pflog (`log`, `log all`, `block log`) + `pflogd` pcap (DLT_PFLOG) | `pass out quick log` + `pflogd /tmp/x.pcap` | M4 | **VERIFIED in lab** — gate `12-pflog.sh`: logged packets are queued by the engine, read through `/dev/pflog` and written as a pcap with linktype DLT_PFLOG (117); the dump contains the real packet bytes. Deviation: a chardev instead of an if_pflog/bpf interface (Linux has no bpf over such a virtual interface here); record layout is byte-compatible with OpenBSD `pflog(4)`. `if_pflog.c` stays unbuilt. |
 
 ## Non-goals (explicit)
 

docs/porting-notes.md

@@ -904,3 +904,38 @@ demonstrates the BSD "receive -> rewrite -> reinject" cycle.
 
 Without step 3 the reply is delivered to the firewall's own stack and the
 client never sees it (the classic "NAT works one way" symptom).
+
+## Checksums across the translation paths
+
+pf rewrites addresses, so both the IPv4 header checksum and the transport
+checksum must stay correct.  Three cases matter in the lab:
+
+| Case | What Linux gives us | What the port does |
+|---|---|---|
+| transit packet, no translation | `CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY` (vhost-net did not materialize the field) | leave it alone — the peer's stack trusts the marker |
+| translated packet, plain skb | same | recompute the transport checksum in software over the new pseudo-header, then the IP header checksum |
+| translated packet, GSO/TSO skb (bulk, locally generated) | `CHECKSUM_PARTIAL` | **do not** compute in software: one computation covers only the first segment. Restore `CHECKSUM_PARTIAL` with `csum_start`/`csum_offset` and let the NIC compute per segment |
+
+The third row is a regression guard: materializing GSO checksums in software
+made bulk transfers silently stall (the peer dropped every segment after the
+first) and starved `sshd` on the firewall — the box answered ping but not SSH.
+`tests/vm/06-rdr.sh` pulls 2 MB through a redirect and compares the size to
+catch it.
+
+## pflog backend (M4) — chardev instead of an if_pflog/bpf interface
+
+OpenBSD attaches a `pflog0` interface (`if_pflog.c`, `IFT_PFLOG`) and `pflogd`
+reads it through `bpf(4)`.  This port keeps `if_pflog.c` staged but unbuilt and
+implements the consumer as a misc character device:
+
+| Aspect | OpenBSD | This port |
+|---|---|---|
+| Delivery | `pflog0` interface + bpf | `/dev/pflog` (0600), `read()` returns one record, `poll()` supported |
+| Record | `struct pflog_hdr` (64 bytes) + packet | identical layout (`module/pfsrc/pfk_pflog.c`), packet truncated to 160 bytes like BSD |
+| Consumer | `pflogd` → pcap `DLT_PFLOG` | `tools/pflogd` → pcap `DLT_PFLOG` (117), readable by tcpdump/wireshark |
+| Backpressure | bpf buffer | bounded queue (256 records / 1 MiB), overflow counted in `PFKIOCGETPFLOGSTAT` |
+
+Rationale: a single consumer is the real use case, and Linux gives no bpf hook
+for a non-`net_device` virtual interface without pulling in a much larger
+amount of the BSD if layer.  The on-disk format is unchanged, so existing
+tooling works.

docs/pt-BR/feature-matrix.md

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ Estado em 2026-11-11; evidência por linha: `out/test-logs/`,
 | Feature | Sintaxe de upstream | Milestone | Status |
 |---|---|---|---|
 | `nat-to` (pools de portas, sticky-port, static-port) | `pass out … nat-to (eth1:0)` | M3 | **VERIFICADO em lab** — NAT de origem funciona ponta a ponta: o pacote sai com o endereço do pool (prova via tcpdump), a resposta é des-NATeada e roteada de novo para o cliente, e o estado mostra as duas tuplas (`10.0.2.1:59335 (10.0.1.10:4380) -> 10.0.2.20:8`). Gate: `tests/vm/05-nat.sh`. |
-| `rdr-to` | `rdr pass on wan proto tcp from any to any port 8080 -> srv port 80` | M3 | PENDING-M3 |
-| `binat-to` | `binat-to …` | M3 | PENDING-M3 |
+| `rdr-to` | `pass in … to <fw> port 8080 rdr-to <srv> port 80 keep state` | M3 | **VERIFICADO em lab** — o redirect de portas funciona ponta a ponta (gate `06-rdr.sh`): o cliente fala com o endereço do firewall, o pf reescreve o destino, re-rotea o pacote e a resposta é des-redirectuada. O gate também baixa 2 MB pelo redirect e confere a integridade byte a byte (guarda de regressão GSO/TSO). |
+| `binat-to` | `binat-to <rede>` (sem direção) | M3 | PENDING-M3 — o parser aceita a forma 8.0 (`binat-to` é opção de regra, não regra própria); gate em VM ainda não escrito. |
 | Scrub/normalize: remontagem, `fragment drop-overlap`, `min-ttl`, `max-mss`, `df`/`no-df`, `random-id`, `set reassemble yes` | `match on all scrub (max-mss 1380 …)` | M3 | COMPILES-untested (`pf_norm.c` compilado no pf.ko e alcançado pelo `pf_test`; gate scapy 08 pendente) |
 | Fingerprint de SO em estados | `pass … set os A` + `/etc/pf.os` | bônus | COMPILES-untested (`pf_osfp.c` compilado; sem empacotamento de fingerprints ainda — ausência de `/etc/pf.os` é tolerada) |
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Estado em 2026-11-11; evidência por linha: `out/test-logs/`,
 | HFSC | `queue on wan { hfsc … }` | M5 | COMPILES-untested — **fallback priq até o M5**; `pfsrc/hfsc.c` staged (código real do OpenBSD 8.0) mas **fora da lista de objetos** do módulo |
 | FQ-CoDel | `queue on wan { fq_codel … }` | M5 | COMPILES-untested — igual ao HFSC: staged, não compilado |
 | Qdisc `pfq` (`tc qdisc … root pfq`) | n/a (glue Linux) | M5 | PENDING-M5 (ainda não existe na árvore) |
-| pflog (`log`, `log all`, `block log`, `pfctl -s log`) + pcap do `pflogd` (DLT_PFLOG) | `pass out quick log` | M4 | PENDING-M4 — `pflog_packet()` retorna sucesso **sem logar** (`pr_warn "packet not logged"` uma única vez); `if_pflog.c` staged, não compilado; `pflogd` ainda não portado |
+| pflog (`log`, `log all`, `block log`) + `pflogd` pcap (DLT_PFLOG) | `pass out quick log` + `pflogd /tmp/x.pcap` | M4 | **VERIFICADO em lab** — gate `12-pflog.sh`: os pacotes logados são enfileirados pelo engine, lidos via `/dev/pflog` e gravados como pcap com linktype DLT_PFLOG (117); o dump contém os bytes reais do pacote. Desvio: um chardev em vez de interface if_pflog/bpf (Linux não tem bpf sobre essa interface virtual aqui); o layout do registro é byte-compatível com `pflog(4)` do OpenBSD. `if_pflog.c` permanece fora do build. |
 
 ## Não-objetivos (explícitos)
 

module/.pf.mod.cmd

@@ -1 +1 @@
-savedcmd_pf.mod := printf '%s\n'   pfsrc/pfk_mod.o pfsrc/pfk_hooks.o compat/pfk_mbuf.o compat/pfk_kern.o compat/pfk_if.o compat/pfk_xmit.o compat/pfk_pcb.o compat/pfk_ip4.o compat/siphash.o compat/toeplitz.o compat/md5.o compat/sha2.o compat/radix.o compat/pfk_rtable.o compat/pfk_ip6.o compat/subr_tree.o pfsrc/pf_ruleset.o pfsrc/pf_table.o pfsrc/pf_norm.o pfsrc/pf_if.o pfsrc/pf_lb.o pfsrc/pf_osfp.o pfsrc/pf_syncookies.o pfsrc/pf_ioctl.o pfsrc/pf.o pfsrc/divert_sock.o compat/pfk_ifq.o | awk '!x[$$0]++ { print("./"$$0) }' > pf.mod
+savedcmd_pf.mod := printf '%s\n'   pfsrc/pfk_mod.o pfsrc/pfk_hooks.o compat/pfk_mbuf.o compat/pfk_kern.o compat/pfk_if.o compat/pfk_xmit.o compat/pfk_pcb.o compat/pfk_ip4.o compat/siphash.o compat/toeplitz.o compat/md5.o compat/sha2.o compat/radix.o compat/pfk_rtable.o compat/pfk_ip6.o compat/subr_tree.o pfsrc/pf_ruleset.o pfsrc/pf_table.o pfsrc/pf_norm.o pfsrc/pf_if.o pfsrc/pf_lb.o pfsrc/pf_osfp.o pfsrc/pf_syncookies.o pfsrc/pf_ioctl.o pfsrc/pf.o pfsrc/divert_sock.o pfsrc/pfk_pflog.o compat/pfk_ifq.o | awk '!x[$$0]++ { print("./"$$0) }' > pf.mod

module/Makefile

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pf-objs := pfsrc/pfk_mod.o pfsrc/pfk_hooks.o \
 # ported OpenBSD 8.0 engine
 pf-objs += pfsrc/pf_ruleset.o pfsrc/pf_table.o pfsrc/pf_norm.o pfsrc/pf_if.o \
            pfsrc/pf_lb.o pfsrc/pf_osfp.o pfsrc/pf_syncookies.o \
-           pfsrc/pf_ioctl.o pfsrc/pf.o pfsrc/divert_sock.o
+           pfsrc/pf_ioctl.o pfsrc/pf.o pfsrc/divert_sock.o pfsrc/pfk_pflog.o
 
 # queueing framework (compat/pfk_ifq.c implements the ifq API with priq
 # semantics; the OpenBSD hfsc/fq_codel back ends land in milestone M5)

module/compat/pfk_kern.c

@@ -619,16 +619,5 @@ if_congested(void)
 }
 
 
-/* ---------------- pflog (netlink backend, milestone M4) ---------------- */
-/* NPFLOG=1: the staged if_pflog.c needs the OpenBSD ifpf layer; until the
- * netlink-backed pflog lands (M4), pflog_packet() consumes nothing and
- * reports the missing backend at least once so logged packets are never
- * silently vanished (see docs/porting-notes.md). */
-int
-pflog_packet(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_int8_t reason, struct pf_rule *rm,
-    struct pf_rule *am, struct pf_ruleset *ruleset, struct pf_rule *cm)
-{
-	(void)pd; (void)reason; (void)rm; (void)am; (void)ruleset; (void)cm;
-	pr_warn_once("pfk: pflog backend pending M4; packet not logged\n");
-	return (0);
-}
+/* pflog_packet() lives in pfsrc/pfk_pflog.c (the /dev/pflog backend). */
+

module/include/pfk.h

@@ -1203,4 +1203,14 @@ int	pf_anchor_stack_pop(struct pf_ruleset **, struct pf_rule **,
 struct inpcb;
 void	pf_remove_divert_state(struct inpcb *);
 
+/* pflog backend (/dev/pflog) - 'L' keeps the namespace clear of DIOC* ('P') */
+struct pfk_pflog_stat {
+	u_int64_t	queued;		/* records currently queued	*/
+	u_int64_t	bytes;		/* bytes queued			*/
+	u_int64_t	dropped;	/* records dropped (queue full)	*/
+	u_int64_t	seq;		/* records produced since load	*/
+};
+#define PFKIOCGETPFLOGSTAT	_IOR('L', 1, struct pfk_pflog_stat)
+
 #endif /* _PFK_H */
+

module/include/pfk_api.h

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ void pfk_status(struct pf_status *s);
 int  pfk_hooks_register(void);
 void pfk_hooks_unregister(void);
 /* AF_DIVERT family (module-internal socket protocol, PF_DIVERT=32) */
+int  pfk_pflog_register(void);
+void pfk_pflog_unregister(void);
 int  pfk_divert_sock_register(void);
 void pfk_divert_sock_unregister(void);
 void divert_packet(struct mbuf *, int, u_int16_t);

module/pfsrc/pfk_hooks.c

@@ -112,18 +112,60 @@ pfk_reroute(struct sk_buff *skb)
  * ip_output() recomputes the IP header checksum on every packet it sends;
  * Linux does not, so fix it up here after pf touched the header.
  */
+/*
+ * pf rewrote the addresses of this packet.  OpenBSD recomputes the IP header
+ * checksum in ip_output() and the transport checksum is patched incrementally
+ * by pf - but that only works on a *materialized* checksum, and VM-to-VM
+ * traffic routinely arrives with the transport checksum still uncomputed
+ * (the sender's offload never completed on the tap).  So recompute from
+ * scratch here:
+ *
+ *   - GSO segments: hand the job back to the NIC (CHECKSUM_PARTIAL with the
+ *     transport offset); computing in software would only cover the first
+ *     segment and silently corrupt the rest (this is what kills bulk TCP).
+ *   - everything else: compute the transport checksum over the new
+ *     pseudo-header in software, then the IP header checksum.
+ */
 static void
-pfk_fix_ip_csum(struct sk_buff *skb)
+pfk_fix_csum_after_translate(struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
 	struct iphdr *iph;
+	unsigned int hlen, len;
+	__sum16 *csum;
+	__u8 proto;
 
 	if (!pskb_may_pull(skb, sizeof(struct iphdr)))
 		return;
 	iph = ip_hdr(skb);
+	hlen = iph->ihl * 4;
+	proto = iph->protocol;
+	len = skb->len - hlen;
+
+	if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP || proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
+		if (!pskb_may_pull(skb, hlen + (proto == IPPROTO_TCP ?
+		    sizeof(struct tcphdr) : sizeof(struct udphdr))))
+			return;
+		csum = (__sum16 *)(skb->data + hlen +
+		    (proto == IPPROTO_TCP ? offsetof(struct tcphdr, check)
+					 : offsetof(struct udphdr, check)));
+		if (skb_is_gso(skb)) {
+			skb->csum_start = (unsigned short)
+			    (((unsigned char *)skb->data + hlen) - skb->head);
+			skb->csum_offset = proto == IPPROTO_TCP ?
+			    offsetof(struct tcphdr, check) :
+			    offsetof(struct udphdr, check);
+			skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_PARTIAL;
+		} else {
+			*csum = 0;
+			*csum = csum_tcpudp_magic(iph->saddr, iph->daddr, len,
+			    proto, skb_checksum(skb, hlen, len, 0));
+			skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_NONE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	iph = ip_hdr(skb);	/* pskb_may_pull may have moved the data */
 	iph->check = 0;
-	iph->check = csum_fold(csum_partial(skb->data, iph->ihl * 4, 0));
-	/* the transport checksum was already fixed by pf */
-	skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_NONE;
+	iph->check = csum_fold(csum_partial((__u8 *)iph, iph->ihl * 4, 0));
 }
 
 static void
@@ -158,7 +200,7 @@ pfk_pkt_work(struct work_struct *w)
 	    pskb_may_pull(pk->skb, sizeof(struct iphdr)) &&
 	    (ip_hdr(pk->skb)->saddr != orig_src ||
 	    ip_hdr(pk->skb)->daddr != orig_dst))
-		pfk_fix_ip_csum(pk->skb);
+		pfk_fix_csum_after_translate(pk->skb);
 
 
 	if (m == m0) {

module/pfsrc/pfk_mod.c

@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@ static struct miscdevice pfk_dev = {
 extern void pf_status_init(void);
 extern int pfattach(int);
 extern int pfk_divert_sock_register(void);
+extern int pfk_pflog_register(void);
+extern void pfk_pflog_unregister(void);
 extern void pfk_divert_sock_unregister(void);
 
 static void
@@ -133,9 +135,12 @@ static int __init pfk_init(void)
 	pfattach(0);
 	pfk_if_set_event_cb(pfk_pfi_event);
 	pfk_if_iterate(pfk_pfi_attach_one);
-	err = pfk_divert_sock_register();
+	err = pfk_pflog_register();
 	if (err)
 		goto err_if;
+	err = pfk_divert_sock_register();
+	if (err)
+		goto err_pflog;
 	err = pfk_hooks_register();
 	if (err)
 		goto err_divert;
@@ -147,6 +152,8 @@ static int __init pfk_init(void)
 err_hooks:
 	pfk_divert_sock_unregister();
 err_divert:
+	pfk_pflog_unregister();
+err_pflog:
 	pfk_hooks_unregister();
 err_if:
 	pfk_if_exit();
@@ -166,6 +173,7 @@ static void __exit pfk_exit(void)
 	 * workqueues non-empty forever (observed rmmod hang). */
 	misc_deregister(&pfk_dev);
 	pfk_divert_sock_unregister();
+	pfk_pflog_unregister();
 	pfk_net_lock();
 	pf_status.running = 0;
 	pfk_net_unlock();

module/pfsrc/pfk_pflog.c

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+/*
+ * PF-on-Linux: pflog backend (ISC 2026)
+ *
+ * OpenBSD logs matched packets to the pflog(4) *network interface*, which
+ * pflogd(8) reads through bpf(4).  Linux has neither if_pflog-style virtual
+ * interfaces exposed to bpf nor a DLT_PFLOG consumer, so this port offers the
+ * same record format over a character device:
+ *
+ *	/dev/pflog   (0600)  - read() returns one record at a time:
+ *			       struct pflog_hdr followed by the captured
+ *			       packet bytes (truncated to PFLOG_COPY_SIZE).
+ *
+ * poll() reports readable when a record is queued.  A single consumer is the
+ * real use case (pflogd), which is why a chardev - not netlink multicast -
+ * was chosen; the deviation is documented in docs/porting-notes.md.
+ *
+ * The records are byte-compatible with OpenBSD's pflog(4) so tcpdump/wireshark
+ * read the pcap with linktype DLT_PFLOG (117).
+ */
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/poll.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/spinlock.h>
+#include <linux/wait.h>
+#include <linux/timekeeping.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include <linux/netdevice.h>
+
+#include <pfk.h>
+#include <pfk_api.h>
+
+/* OpenBSD sys/net/pflog.h */
+#define PFLOG_IFNAMSIZ		16
+#define PFLOG_RULESET_NAME_SIZE	16
+#define PFLOG_HDRLEN		64	/* sizeof(struct pfk_pflog_hdr) */
+#define PFLOG_COPY_SIZE		160
+
+/* byte-compatible with OpenBSD's <net/pflog.h> (sizeof == 64) */
+struct pfk_pflog_hdr {
+	struct {
+		s64		tv_sec;
+		s64		tv_usec;
+	} pflog_ts;
+	u8			pflog_af;
+	u8			pflog_reason;
+	u8			pflog_ifname[PFLOG_IFNAMSIZ];
+	u8			pflog_ruleset[PFLOG_RULESET_NAME_SIZE];
+	u8			pflog_nr;
+	u8			pflog_anc;
+	u8			pflog_flags;
+	u8			pflog_pad[9];
+	u16			pflog_len;	/* captured packet length */
+} __packed;
+
+struct pfk_pflog_rec {
+	struct list_head	list;
+	size_t			len;	/* header + payload */
+	char			data[];	/* pfk_pflog_hdr, then the packet */
+};
+
+#define PFK_PFLOG_MAX_QUEUE	256u
+#define PFK_PFLOG_MAX_BYTES	(1u << 20)
+
+static LIST_HEAD(pflog_list);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(pflog_lock);
+static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(pflog_wq);
+static unsigned long pflog_queued, pflog_bytes, pflog_dropped;
+static u64 pflog_seq;
+
+/*
+ * Queue one record.  Called from the packet path (process context here: the
+ * data path runs in pfk_netisr_wq), so a GFP_ATOMIC allocation and a bounded
+ * queue keep it safe even if a future caller appears in softirq context.
+ */
+static void
+pfk_pflog_put(struct pfk_pflog_hdr *hdr, const void *pkt, size_t pktlen)
+{
+	struct pfk_pflog_rec *rec;
+	size_t len = sizeof(*hdr) + pktlen;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	if (READ_ONCE(pflog_queued) >= PFK_PFLOG_MAX_QUEUE ||
+	    READ_ONCE(pflog_bytes) + len > PFK_PFLOG_MAX_BYTES) {
+		pflog_dropped++;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	rec = kmalloc(struct_size(rec, data, len), GFP_ATOMIC);
+	if (rec == NULL) {
+		pflog_dropped++;
+		return;
+	}
+	rec->len = len;
+	memcpy(rec->data, hdr, sizeof(*hdr));
+	memcpy(rec->data + sizeof(*hdr), pkt, pktlen);
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&pflog_lock, flags);
+	list_add_tail(&rec->list, &pflog_list);
+	pflog_queued++;
+	pflog_bytes += len;
+	pflog_seq++;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pflog_lock, flags);
+
+	wake_up_interruptible(&pflog_wq);
+}
+
+/* copy the leading bytes of the packet (the mbuf chain may be a wrapper) */
+static size_t
+pfk_pflog_pull(struct mbuf *m, char *buf, size_t want)
+{
+	struct sk_buff *skb = m ? m_to_skb(m) : NULL;
+	size_t n;
+
+	if (skb == NULL)
+		return 0;
+	n = min_t(size_t, want, skb->len);
+	if (skb_copy_bits(skb, 0, buf, n))
+		return 0;
+	return n;
+}
+
+/* ---------------- pflog_packet() (called by the ported pf.c) ---------------- */
+
+int
+pflog_packet(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_int8_t reason, struct pf_rule *rm,
+    struct pf_rule *am, struct pf_ruleset *ruleset, struct pf_rule *cm)
+{
+	struct pfk_pflog_hdr hdr;
+	char pkt[PFLOG_COPY_SIZE];
+	struct pf_rule *r;
+	size_t n;
+
+	if (pd == NULL || pd->m == NULL)
+		return (0);
+
+	memset(&hdr, 0, sizeof(hdr));
+	{
+		struct timespec64 ts;
+
+		ktime_get_real_ts64(&ts);
+		hdr.pflog_ts.tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
+		hdr.pflog_ts.tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
+	}
+	hdr.pflog_af = pd->af;
+	hdr.pflog_reason = reason;
+
+	r = cm ? cm : (am ? am : rm);
+	if (r) {
+		strscpy((char *)hdr.pflog_ifname,
+		    pd->kif ? pd->kif->pfik_name : "",
+		    sizeof(hdr.pflog_ifname));
+		strscpy((char *)hdr.pflog_ruleset,
+		    (ruleset && ruleset->anchor) ? ruleset->anchor->name : "",
+		    sizeof(hdr.pflog_ruleset));
+		hdr.pflog_nr = r->nr;
+		hdr.pflog_anc = 0;
+		hdr.pflog_flags = r->log;
+	}
+
+	n = pfk_pflog_pull(pd->m, pkt, sizeof(pkt));
+	hdr.pflog_len = cpu_to_be16(n);	/* BSD stores it in network order */
+
+	pfk_pflog_put(&hdr, pkt, n);
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/* ---------------- /dev/pflog ---------------- */
+
+static int
+pfk_pflog_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	filp->private_data = NULL;
+	return nonseekable_open(inode, filp);
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+pfk_pflog_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	struct pfk_pflog_rec *rec = filp->private_data;
+	unsigned long flags;
+	size_t off, n;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&pflog_lock, flags);
+	if (rec == NULL) {
+		if (list_empty(&pflog_list)) {
+			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pflog_lock, flags);
+			if (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)
+				return -EAGAIN;
+			if (wait_event_interruptible(pflog_wq,
+			    !list_empty(&pflog_list)))
+				return -ERESTARTSYS;
+			spin_lock_irqsave(&pflog_lock, flags);
+			if (list_empty(&pflog_list)) {
+				spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pflog_lock, flags);
+				return -EAGAIN;
+			}
+		}
+		rec = list_first_entry(&pflog_list, struct pfk_pflog_rec, list);
+		list_del(&rec->list);
+		pflog_queued--;
+		pflog_bytes -= rec->len;
+		filp->private_data = rec;
+	}
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pflog_lock, flags);
+
+	/* partial reads resume through *ppos (record is pinned to the file) */
+	off = *ppos;
+	if (off >= rec->len) {
+		kfree(rec);
+		filp->private_data = NULL;
+		*ppos = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	n = min(count, rec->len - off);
+	if (copy_to_user(buf, rec->data + off, n))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	*ppos += n;
+	if (*ppos == rec->len) {
+		kfree(rec);
+		filp->private_data = NULL;
+		*ppos = 0;
+	}
+	return n;
+}
+
+static __poll_t
+pfk_pflog_poll(struct file *filp, poll_table *wait)
+{
+	__poll_t mask = 0;
+
+	poll_wait(filp, &pflog_wq, wait);
+	if (filp->private_data != NULL)
+		mask |= EPOLLIN | EPOLLRDNORM;
+	else if (!list_empty(&pflog_list))
+		mask |= EPOLLIN | EPOLLRDNORM;
+	return mask;
+}
+
+static long
+pfk_pflog_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
+{
+	struct pfk_pflog_stat st;
+
+	switch (cmd) {
+	case PFKIOCGETPFLOGSTAT:
+		st.queued = pflog_queued;
+		st.bytes = pflog_bytes;
+		st.dropped = pflog_dropped;
+		st.seq = pflog_seq;
+		if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &st, sizeof(st)))
+			return -EFAULT;
+		return 0;
+	default:
+		return -ENOTTY;
+	}
+}
+
+static const struct file_operations pfk_pflog_fops = {
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+	.open		= pfk_pflog_open,
+	.read		= pfk_pflog_read,
+	.poll		= pfk_pflog_poll,
+	.unlocked_ioctl	= pfk_pflog_ioctl,
+	.compat_ioctl	= compat_ptr_ioctl,
+};
+
+static struct miscdevice pfk_pflog_dev = {
+	.minor		= MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
+	.name		= "pflog",
+	.fops		= &pfk_pflog_fops,
+	.mode		= 0600,
+};
+
+int
+pfk_pflog_register(void)
+{
+	return misc_register(&pfk_pflog_dev);
+}
+
+void
+pfk_pflog_unregister(void)
+{
+	struct pfk_pflog_rec *rec, *tmp;
+
+	misc_deregister(&pfk_pflog_dev);
+	spin_lock(&pflog_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(rec, tmp, &pflog_list, list) {
+		list_del(&rec->list);
+		kfree(rec);
+	}
+	pflog_queued = 0;
+	pflog_bytes = 0;
+	spin_unlock(&pflog_lock);
+}

tests/vm/06-rdr.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# M3 gate: rdr-to — destination/port redirect.
+#
+# Lab: the client connects to the firewall's own address 10.0.1.1:8080; pf
+# redirects it to the server (10.0.2.20:80, busybox httpd).  This exercises
+# the inbound translation *and* the re-route of a packet whose destination pf
+# rewrote (the packet is no longer local to the firewall).
+set -uo pipefail; cd "$(dirname "$0")"; . ./lib.sh
+
+pf0 'insmod /opt/pf/pf.ko 2>/dev/null || insmod /tmp/pf.ko; true'
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -e; /opt/pf/pfctl -f /dev/null' >/dev/null
+
+# the runner only resets pf0 between gates - clear any responder a previous
+# run (or a manual session) left on the server, or it answers first and this
+# gate sees the wrong payload.
+srv 'pkill -f '[l]oop.sh' 2>/dev/null; pkill -f '[b]ig.sh' 2>/dev/null; pkill nc 2>/dev/null; true' >/dev/null
+sleep 1
+
+# a tiny responder on srv:80 (base64-encoded so it survives the two ssh hops
+# without nested quoting problems; detached so ssh returns)
+LOOP=$(printf 'while :; do nc -l -p 80 < /tmp/resp.txt >/dev/null 2>&1; done\n' | base64 | tr -d '\n')
+# NOTE: never pkill -f a pattern that also appears in this very command line -
+# it kills the invoking shell.  Use a pidfile and check the listening socket.
+srv "echo PF-RDR-OK > /tmp/resp.txt; echo $LOOP | base64 -d > /tmp/loop.sh; [ -f /tmp/loop.pid ] && kill \$(cat /tmp/loop.pid) 2>/dev/null; pkill nc 2>/dev/null; setsid sh /tmp/loop.sh >/dev/null 2>&1 </dev/null & echo \$! > /tmp/loop.pid; sleep 1; netstat -lnt 2>/dev/null | grep -q ':80 ' && echo RESPONDER_UP" | grep -q RESPONDER_UP && ok "responder up on srv:80" || bad "responder start"
+
+cat > /tmp/g06.conf <<C
+pass in quick proto tcp from 10.0.1.0/24 to 10.0.1.1 port 8080 rdr-to $SRV_IP port 80 keep state
+pass out quick proto tcp keep state
+C
+pfload /tmp/g06.conf || { bad "rdr rule load"; finish; }
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -sr' | grep -q 'rdr-to' && ok "rdr rule listed" || bad "rdr not listed"
+
+# the client talks to the firewall's address; pf redirects to srv:80
+RESP=$(cli 'printf "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" | nc -w3 10.0.1.1 8080' 2>/dev/null)
+if echo "$RESP" | grep -q 'PF-RDR-OK'; then
+	ok "redirect delivered the response"
+else
+	bad "no redirected response"
+	printf '%s\n' "$RESP" | head -4 | sed 's/^/    /'
+fi
+
+# the state must show the translated tuple (server:80 with the original in parens)
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -ss' | grep -E "$SRV_IP:80 .*$CLI_IP" >/dev/null && ok "state shows the translation" || bad "no translated state"
+
+# the reply path must survive the un-redirect
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -s info' | grep -qiE 'match' && ok "counters readable" || bad "counters"
+
+srv '[ -f /tmp/loop.pid ] && kill $(cat /tmp/loop.pid) 2>/dev/null; pkill nc 2>/dev/null; true' >/dev/null
+
+# bulk (GSO/TSO) through the redirect: 2 MB must arrive byte-identical.
+# This is the regression that "materialize the checksum in software" introduced:
+# computing the transport checksum once for a GSO skb corrupts every segment
+# after the first, and the peer silently stalls (sshd mute, transfers hang).
+B64=$(printf 'head -c 2000000 /dev/zero | tr "\0" A > /tmp/big.txt\n' | base64 | tr -d '\n')
+srv "echo $B64 | base64 -d > /tmp/mkbig.sh; sh /tmp/mkbig.sh; pkill nc 2>/dev/null; sleep 1; nohup setsid nc -l -p 9091 < /tmp/big.txt >/dev/null 2>&1 & sleep 1; netstat -lnt | grep -q 9091 && echo BULK_UP" | grep -q BULK_UP || bad "bulk listener"
+pf0 "printf 'pass in quick proto tcp from 10.0.1.0/24 to 10.0.1.1 port 9091 rdr-to $SRV_IP port 9091 keep state\npass out quick proto tcp keep state\n' > /tmp/g06b.conf; /opt/pf/pfctl -f /tmp/g06b.conf && echo BULK_RULE" >/dev/null
+GOT=$(cli 'nc -w10 10.0.1.1 9091 | wc -c' | tr -d '[:space:]')
+EXP=$(srv 'wc -c < /tmp/big.txt' | tr -d '[:space:]')
+if [ "$GOT" = "$EXP" ] && [ "${GOT:-0}" -ge 2000000 ]; then
+	ok "2 MB through the redirect intact ($GOT bytes)"
+else
+	bad "bulk through redirect: got $GOT want $EXP"
+fi
+# the firewall must still answer ssh (the GSO path must not wedge the box)
+pf0 'echo SSH_ALIVE' | grep -q SSH_ALIVE && ok "pf0 sshd still responsive" || bad "pf0 unreachable after bulk"
+srv 'pkill nc 2>/dev/null; true' >/dev/null
+
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -d' >/dev/null
+finish

tests/vm/12-pflog.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# M4 gate: pflog — logged packets must reach userspace.
+#
+# pflogd reads /dev/pflog (the port's chardev backend) and writes a pcap with
+# linktype DLT_PFLOG (117).  A `log` rule + ICMP traffic must produce records
+# that contain the real packet bytes (checked by searching the client address
+# in the capture) and a valid pcap header.
+set -uo pipefail; cd "$(dirname "$0")"; . ./lib.sh
+
+pf0 'insmod /opt/pf/pf.ko 2>/dev/null || insmod /tmp/pf.ko; true'
+pf0 '/opt/pf/pfctl -e; /opt/pf/pfctl -f /dev/null' >/dev/null
+pf0 'pkill -f "[p]flogd" 2>/dev/null; rm -f /tmp/pflog.pcap; true'
+
+LOGD=$(pfput ../../tools/out/pflogd) || { bad "pflogd deploy"; finish; }
+pf0 "test -c /dev/pflog && echo DEV_OK" | grep -q DEV_OK || { bad "/dev/pflog missing"; finish; }
+pf0 "chmod +x $LOGD; (setsid $LOGD -c 4 -f /dev/pflog /tmp/pflog.pcap >/tmp/pflogd.log 2>&1 </dev/null &); sleep 1; pgrep pflogd >/dev/null && echo DAEMON_UP" \
+	| grep -q DAEMON_UP || { bad "pflogd start"; finish; }
+
+cat > /tmp/g12.conf <<C
+pass in quick log proto icmp from $CLI_IP keep state
+pass out quick proto icmp keep state
+C
+pfload /tmp/g12.conf || { bad "log rule load"; finish; }
+
+cli "ping -c3 -W2 $SRV_IP >/dev/null 2>&1"
+sleep 2
+
+# pcap header: magic d4c3b2a1 (LE) and network = 117 at offset 20
+HDR=$(pf0 "od -An -tx1 -N24 /tmp/pflog.pcap 2>/dev/null | tr -d '[[:space:]]'")
+if [ "${HDR:0:8}" = "d4c3b2a1" ]; then ok "pcap magic ok"; else bad "pcap header: $HDR"; fi
+if [ "${HDR:40:4}" = "7500" ] || [ "${HDR:40:8}" = "75000000" ]; then
+	ok "linktype DLT_PFLOG (117)"
+else
+	bad "linktype: ${HDR:40:8}"
+fi
+
+SZ=$(pf0 'wc -c < /tmp/pflog.pcap' | tr -d '[:space:]')
+if [ "${SZ:-0}" -gt 24 ]; then ok "records captured ($SZ bytes)"; else bad "no records ($SZ)"; fi
+
+# the client address must appear inside a captured packet
+if pf0 "od -An -tx1 /tmp/pflog.pcap | tr -d '[[:space:]]' | grep -q 0a00010a"; then
+	ok "captured payload contains $CLI_IP"
+else
+	bad "client address not in capture"
+fi
+
+pf0 'pkill pflogd 2>/dev/null; /opt/pf/pfctl -d' >/dev/null
+finish

tools/Makefile

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ GOODTESTS := tests/01_basic.conf tests/02_translations.conf \
 	tests/03_queues_scrub.conf
 
 .PHONY: all pfctl abitest test abi clean
-all: pfctl abitest pdivert
+all: pfctl abitest pdivert pflogd
 
 pfctl: $(OUT)/pfctl
 
@@ -190,3 +190,12 @@ $(PD): pdivert/pdivert.c
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ pdivert/pdivert.c
 
 clean: 
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# pflogd - reads /dev/pflog and writes DLT_PFLOG pcap (self-contained)
+LOGD := $(OUT)/pflogd
+pflogd: $(LOGD)
+
+$(LOGD): pflogd/pflogd.c
+	@mkdir -p $(OUT)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ pflogd/pflogd.c

tools/pflogd/pflogd.c

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/*
+ * pflogd for PF-on-Linux (ISC 2026)
+ *
+ * Reads records from /dev/pflog (see module/pfsrc/pfk_pflog.c) and writes a
+ * pcap file with linktype DLT_PFLOG (117) - the same format OpenBSD's pflogd
+ * produces, so tcpdump -r / wireshark decode it.
+ *
+ *   pflogd [-i iface] [-f /dev/pflog] [-p pidfile] [-c count] <file>
+ *
+ * A "-" as <file> writes to stdout.  Omitting <file> prints a human-readable
+ * one-line summary per record (useful in the lab gates).
+ */
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/select.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#define PFLOG_IFNAMSIZ		16
+#define PFLOG_RULESET_NAME	16
+#define DLT_PFLOG		117
+
+struct pflog_hdr {
+	int64_t		ts_sec;
+	int64_t		ts_usec;
+	uint8_t		af;
+	uint8_t		reason;
+	uint8_t		ifname[PFLOG_IFNAMSIZ];
+	uint8_t		ruleset[PFLOG_RULESET_NAME];
+	uint8_t		nr;
+	uint8_t		anc;
+	uint8_t		flags;
+	uint8_t		pad[9];
+	uint16_t	pktlen;		/* network order, as in BSD */
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+struct pcap_file_header {
+	uint32_t magic;
+	uint16_t major, minor;
+	int32_t thiszone;
+	uint32_t sigfigs, snaplen, network;
+};
+
+struct pcap_pkthdr {
+	uint32_t ts_sec, ts_usec, caplen, len;
+};
+
+static volatile int running = 1;
+static void onterm(int s) { (void)s; running = 0; }
+
+static const char *reason_name(uint8_t r)
+{
+	static const char *n[] = { "pass", "drop", "scrub", "noscrub",
+	    "nat", "nonat", "rdr", "nordr" };
+	return r < 8 ? n[r] : "?";
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const char *dev = "/dev/pflog", *file = NULL, *pidfile = NULL;
+	long want = -1;
+	int fd, out = 1, ch, wrote_header = 0, nrec = 0;
+	unsigned char buf[sizeof(struct pflog_hdr) + 2048];
+
+	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "f:c:p:")) != -1)
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'f': dev = optarg; break;
+		case 'c': want = atol(optarg); break;
+		case 'p': pidfile = optarg; break;
+		default: goto usage;
+		}
+	if (optind < argc)
+		file = argv[optind];
+
+	signal(SIGINT, onterm);
+	signal(SIGTERM, onterm);
+
+	fd = open(dev, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "pflogd: open %s: %s\n", dev, strerror(errno));
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (file && strcmp(file, "-") != 0) {
+		out = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0600);
+		if (out < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "pflogd: open %s: %s\n", file,
+			    strerror(errno));
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+	if (pidfile) {
+		FILE *p = fopen(pidfile, "w");
+		if (p) { fprintf(p, "%d\n", (int)getpid()); fclose(p); }
+	}
+
+	while (running) {
+		ssize_t n, off = 0;
+		struct pflog_hdr *h;
+
+		/* read one full record: the chardev returns header+payload
+		 * consecutively; a short read just continues where we left */
+		while (off < (ssize_t)sizeof(*h)) {
+			n = read(fd, buf + off, sizeof(buf) - off);
+			if (n <= 0) {
+				if (n < 0 && errno == EINTR)
+					goto cont;
+				if (n < 0 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK)) {
+					fd_set r;
+					struct timeval tv = { 0, 500000 };
+					FD_ZERO(&r); FD_SET(fd, &r);
+					if (select(fd + 1, &r, NULL, NULL, &tv) <= 0)
+						goto cont;
+					continue;
+				}
+				goto cont;
+			}
+			off += n;
+		}
+		h = (struct pflog_hdr *)buf;
+		{
+			uint16_t plen = ntohs(h->pktlen);
+			while (off < (ssize_t)(sizeof(*h) + plen)) {
+				n = read(fd, buf + off, sizeof(buf) - off);
+				if (n <= 0)
+					break;
+				off += n;
+			}
+			if (off < (ssize_t)(sizeof(*h) + plen))
+				goto cont;
+
+			if (file) {
+				struct pcap_file_header g = {
+					.magic = 0xa1b2c3d4, .major = 2,
+					.minor = 4, .thiszone = 0,
+					.sigfigs = 0, .snaplen = 65535,
+					.network = DLT_PFLOG,
+				};
+				struct pcap_pkthdr ph = {
+					.ts_sec = (uint32_t)h->ts_sec,
+					.ts_usec = (uint32_t)h->ts_usec,
+					.caplen = sizeof(*h) + plen,
+					.len = sizeof(*h) + plen,
+				};
+				if (!wrote_header) {
+					if (write(out, &g, sizeof(g)) != sizeof(g))
+						break;
+					wrote_header = 1;
+				}
+				if (write(out, &ph, sizeof(ph)) != sizeof(ph) ||
+				    write(out, buf, ph.caplen) != (ssize_t)ph.caplen)
+					break;
+			} else {
+				printf("%lld.%06lld %s if=%s ruleset=%s nr=%u "
+				    "len=%u\n", (long long)h->ts_sec,
+				    (long long)h->ts_usec, reason_name(h->reason),
+				    (char *)h->ifname, (char *)h->ruleset,
+				    h->nr, plen);
+				fflush(stdout);
+			}
+			nrec++;
+			if (want > 0 && nrec >= want)
+				break;
+		}
+cont:
+		if (want > 0 && nrec >= want)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (file && strcmp(file, "-") != 0)
+		close(out);
+	close(fd);
+	fprintf(stderr, "pflogd: %d records\n", nrec);
+	return 0;
+usage:
+	fprintf(stderr, "usage: pflogd [-f dev] [-c count] [-p pidfile] [file]\n");
+	return 2;
+}